Nā huahana

  • Paipu hili ʻole ʻia

    Paipu hili ʻole ʻia

    Nā kikoʻī hana:

    ʻO ke anawaena o waho o ka paipu kila 12-377

    ʻO ka mānoanoa o ka paia paipu kila o 2-50

    Mea maʻamau:

    10# 0.07~0.13 0.17~0.37 0.35~0.65 ≤0.035 ≤0.035

    20# 0.17~0.23 0.17~0.37 0.35~0.65 ≤0.035 ≤0.035

    35# 0.32~0.39 0.17~0.37 0.35~0.65 ≤0.035 ≤0.035

    45# 0.42~0.50 0.17~0.37 0.50~0.80 ≤0.035 ≤0.035

    40cr 0.37~0.44 0.17~0.37 0.50~0.80 ≤0.035 ≤0.035 0.08~1.10

    25Mn 0.22~0.2 0.17~0.37 0.70~1.00 ≤0.035 ≤0.035 ≤0.25

    37Mn5 0.30~0.39 0.15~0.30 1.20~1.50 ≤0.015 ≤0.020

    Hoʻolauna:

    ʻO ka paipu hili ʻole he ʻano mea kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma hope o ke kaha kiʻi anuanu a i ʻole ka ʻōwili wela.No ka mea, ʻaʻohe oxide papa ma nā paia o loko a me waho o ka paipu kila pololei, [1] ma lalo o ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe me ka leakage, kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ke anu anuanu me ka ʻole deformation, flaring, flattening me ka ʻole o nā māwae a pēlā aku, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia. no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana pneumatic a hydraulic paha, e like me nā cylinders a i ʻole cylinders, hiki ke maʻalahi.ʻO ka hui kemika o ka paipu wili ʻole he kalapona C, silicon Si, manganese Mn, sulfur S, phosphorus P, chromium Cr

    Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻenehana hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻenehana hoʻololi

    Hoʻohana ʻia ka paipu hili ʻole ma ka ʻōwili ʻana.Ma muli o ke koena o ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ma luna o ka ʻili o ka ʻili, he mea kōkua ke pani i nā māwae micro ma ka ʻili a pale i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka erosion.Hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion a hoʻopaneʻe i ka hanauna a i ʻole ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā māwae luhi, i mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka ikaika luhi o ka paipu kila quilted.Ma ka ʻōwili ʻana, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi papa paʻakikī paʻakikī ma luna o ka ʻili o ka ʻōwili, e hōʻemi ana i ka elastic a me ka plastic deformation o ka ʻili pili o ka hui wili, no laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka pale ʻana o ka pā i loko o ka paipu kila quilted a pale aku i ke ahi. ma ka wili ana.Ma hope o ka ʻōwili ʻana, hiki i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka roughness ili ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka waiwai kūpono.

    ʻO ka wiliwili ʻana he ʻano mīkini manuahi ʻole.Ma ka mahana maʻamau, hoʻohana ʻia ka deformation plastic o ka metala e palahalaha i ka microscopic roughness o ka ʻili mea hana i mea e hoʻokō ai i ke kumu o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻili, nā ʻano mechanical, ke ʻano a me ka nui.No laila, hiki i kēia ala ke hoʻokō i nā kumu ʻelua o ka polishing a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka manawa like, ʻaʻole hiki ke hana i ka wili.

    ʻAʻohe ʻano o ke ʻano hana e hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana, e loaʻa mau nā hōʻailona pahi convex a concave ʻole ma ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana, a me ke ʻano o nā piko a me nā awāwa.

    ʻO ka loina kaʻina hana: ʻO ia ke ʻano o ke kaomi hoʻopau ʻana i ka hana, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka metala i ke kūlana mahana maʻamau o nā hiʻohiʻona palaki anu, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana ʻōwili e hoʻoikaika i kekahi kaomi ma luna o ka ʻili o ka mea hana, i hiki ai i ka mea hana ma luna o ka plastic plastic. kahe, hoʻopiha i loko o ka kumu mua koena concave trough, a loaa ka workpiece ili roughness waiwai hoemi.Ma muli o ka deformation plastic o ka ʻili metala ʻōwili, ka paʻakikī o ka ʻili a me ka ʻili ʻana i ka palaoa, ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka fiber paʻa, a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ke koena o ke koʻikoʻi, ka paʻakikī a me ka ikaika, no laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke kūpaʻa aahu, ka pale ʻana a me ka hoʻohālikelike o ka ili mea hana.ʻO ka ʻōwili ʻana he ʻano mīkini ʻilika me ka ʻoki ʻole.

    ʻO ka paipu seamless Quilted he nui nā pono:

    1, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻili o ka ʻili, hiki ke hiki i ka Ra≤0.08µ m a i ʻole.

    2, pololei roundness, ellipticity hiki ke emi ma mua o 0.01mm.

    3, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻakikī o ka ʻili, hoʻopau ʻia ka deformation ikaika, hoʻonui paʻakikī HV≥4 °

    4, ma hope o ka hana ʻana i ke koena o ke kaumaha, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikaika luhi e 30%.

    5, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ke kūpono, hoʻemi i ka lole, hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola lawelawe o nā ʻāpana, akā ua hoʻemi ʻia ke kumukūʻai o nā ʻāpana.

  • Paipu kila maʻemaʻe ʻole anu

    Paipu kila maʻemaʻe ʻole anu

    Nā kikoʻī hana:

    ʻO ke anawaena o waho o ka paipu kila 12-377

    ʻO ka mānoanoa o ka paia paipu kila o 2-50

    Hoʻolauna huahana:

    No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me ka maikaʻi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā paipu kila liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, pono e hoʻohana i ka ʻōwili anu, kiʻi anu a i ʻole ka hui pū ʻana o nā ʻano ʻelua.Hana ʻia ka ʻōwili anuanu ma luna o kahi wili kiʻekiʻe ʻelua, kahi e ʻōwili ʻia ai ka paipu kila i loko o kahi annular pass i loaʻa i kahi ʻāpana pōʻai o ka ʻāpana loli a me ke poʻo conical paʻa.Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ke kaha kiʻi anuanu ma 0.5 ~ 100T hoʻokahi kaulahao a i ʻole ʻelua kaulahao kiʻi anu.

    High-quality kalapona structural kila anu-unuhi seamless paipu, nui i hanaia o No. 10, No. 20, No. 35, No. 45 kila, ma ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i kemika haku mele a me ka mechanical waiwai e hana hydraulic hoao, flange, flaring, hoʻopalapala a me nā ho'āʻo'ē aʻe.

    Ka helu helu no ke kaumaha o ka paipu kila maheʻe:(OD – mānoanoa pā)* Mānoanoa pā *0.02466=kg/m (kaumaha no ka mika)

    Mea kiʻi anu:

    10#, 20#, 35#, 45#, q345b, 40cr, 42crmo, 35crmo, 30crmo a me na mea e ae.

  • Paipu kila pololei

    Paipu kila pololei

    Hoʻolauna huahana:

    ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ka pololei kiʻekiʻe, ka paipu i loko a i waho o ka ʻili o ka ʻili, ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela o ka paipu kila i loko a ma waho o ka ʻili ʻaʻohe kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, paipu kila e lapalapa ana, palahalaha me ka ʻole o nā māwae, ke kuʻi anuanu me ka ʻole deformation, a hiki ke kū i ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe. , hiki ke hana i nā ʻano deformation paʻakikī a me ka hana hohonu mechanical.

    ʻO ka hana nui o nā paipu kila: 10 #, 20 #, 35 #, 45 #, 40cr, 42crmo, 16mn, etc.

    Nā kikoʻī hana:

    ʻO ke anawaena o waho o ka paipu kila 12-159

    ʻO ka mānoanoa o ka paia paipu kila o 2-30

    Hoʻohana kumu:

    Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka paipu kila pololei i nā kaʻa, nā kaʻa, nā kaʻa uila, petrochemical, mana uila, nā moku, aerospace, bearings, nā mea pneumatic, medium and low pressure boiler seamless steel pipe a me nā māla ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia i ka lima pahu kila, nā bearings. , hydraulic, mechanical processing a me nā kahua ʻē aʻe!

    Kaʻina hana:

    ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka paipu kila pololei e like me ka paipu maʻamau maʻamau, ʻo ia hoʻi, aia kahi kaʻina hana pickling hope a me ka ʻōwili anu.

    Ke kahe kaʻina hana paipu kila

    ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka pahu - nānā - ʻili - - - perforation, pickling passivation, wili - aila lubrication maloʻo - ʻōwili ʻia - i - ʻoki poʻo - nānā, ʻike, hoʻopau huahana

  • 10 # paipu kila ʻole

    10 # paipu kila ʻole

    Nā kikoʻī hana:

    ʻO ke anawaena o waho o ka paipu kila 20-426

    ʻO ka mānoanoa o ka paia paipu kila o 20-426

    Kemimi

    ● No. 10 seamless kila paipu kemika hui:

    Kalapona C: 0.07~0.14″ silika Si: 0.17 ~ 0.37 Manganese Mn: 0.35 ~ 0.65 Sulfur S: ≤0.04 Phosphorus P: ≤0.35 chromium Cr: ≤0.15 Nickel Ni: ≤0.2 Nikela Ni: ≤0.2.

    Waiwai mīkini:

    Mechanical waiwai o No. 10 seamless paipu kila: Tensile ikaika σb (MPa) : ≥410(42) hua ikaika σs (MPa) : ≥245(25) elongation δ5 (%) : ≥25 sectional shrinkage (%) : ≥5 , paakiki: unheated, ≤156HB, hāpana nui: 25mm.

    kila kila kila maikaʻi loa:

    No. 10 seamless kila paipu 'aʻole i loaʻa i nā mea'ē aʻe alloys (koe koe na koena koena) koe carbon (C) element a me kekahi nui o ke silikoni (Si) no ka deoxidation (maamau 'aʻole i oi aku ma mua o 0.40%), manganese (Mn) (maʻamauʻaʻole. ʻoi aku ma mua o 0.80%, a hiki i ka 1.20%) mau mea hoʻohui.

    Pono e loaʻa i ia kila ka hoʻohui kemika a me nā waiwai mechanical.ʻO nā mea i loko o ka sulfur (S) a me ka phosphorus (P) ka mea maʻamau e mālama ʻia ma lalo o 0.035%.Inā hoʻomaluʻia ma lalo o 0.030%, ua kapaʻiaʻo ke kila kila kiʻekiʻe, a pono e hoʻohuiʻia ka "A" ma hope o ka papa, e like me 20A;Inā mālama ʻia ka P ma lalo o 0.025% a ʻo S ma lalo o 0.020%, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ke kila kila kiʻekiʻe, a pono e hoʻohui ʻia ʻo "E" ma hope o ka papa e hōʻike i ka ʻokoʻa.No nā mea'ē aʻe i koe i laweʻia i loko o ke kila e nā mea maka, e like me chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), keleawe (Cu), a me nā mea'ē aʻe, ka maʻiʻo o Cr≤0.25%, Ni≤0.30%, Cu≤0.25%.ʻO kekahi mau mana o ka manganese (Mn) a hiki i ka 1.40%, i kapa ʻia ʻo manganese steel.

    No.

  • Q345B paipu lauwili ʻole

    Q345B paipu lauwili ʻole

    Nā kikoʻī hana:

    ʻO ke anawaena o waho o ka paipu kila 20-426

    ʻO ka mānoanoa o ka paia paipu kila o 20-426

    Nā hiʻohiʻona nui:

    ʻO nā waiwai mechanical piha maikaʻi, ka weldability, ke anuanu, nā waiwai hana wela a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, me ka paʻakikī haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa

    noi huahana:

    ʻO nā moku, nā paila, nā moku kaomi, nā pahu mālama aila, nā alahaka, nā mea kanu mana, nā mīkini hāpai a me nā hale wili ʻē aʻe me nā ukana kiʻekiʻe.

  • 35CrMo paipu kila

    35CrMo paipu kila

    Nā kikoʻī hana:

    ʻO ke anawaena o waho o ka paipu kila 20-426

    ʻO ka mānoanoa o ka paia paipu kila o 20-426

    Hoʻolauna huahana:

    No ka laʻana, 40Cr.(Carbon maʻiʻo o 35CrMo huila kila paipu mea 0.32 ~ 0.40, silika 0.17 ~ 0.37, manganese 0.40 ~ 0.70, molybdenum 0.15 ~ 0.25, chromium 0.80 ~ 1.10)

    ② ʻO nā mea hoʻohui nui i loko o ke kila, koe naʻe kekahi mau mea microalloying, i hōʻike maʻamau ʻia e ka hapa pakeneka.Ke emi iho ka awelika o ka mea hao ma lalo o 1.5%, ʻo ka hōʻailona element wale nō ke kaha ʻia ma ka helu kila, ʻaʻole naʻe ka ʻike.Eia naʻe, i nā hihia kūikawā, maʻalahi ka huikau, hiki ke hōʻailona ʻia ka helu "1" ma hope o ka hōʻailona element, e like me ka helu kila "12CrMoV" a me "12Cr1MoV", ʻo ka chromium maʻiʻo o ka mua he 0.4-0.6%, a ʻo ka mea hope he 0.9-1.2%.Ua like nā mea ʻē aʻe.Ke hōʻailona ʻia ka mea hoʻohui i ka mea ≥1.5%, ≥2.5%, ≥3.5%…… “, pono ke kaha ʻia ka hōʻailona element ma hope o ka ʻike, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia he 2, 3, 4…… Etc. No ka laʻana, 18Cr2Ni4WA.

    ③ ʻO nā mea huila e like me ka vanadium V, ka titanium Ti, ka alumini AL, ka boron B a me ka honua laha ʻole RE i ke kila no nā mea microalloying.ʻOiai he haʻahaʻa loa ka ʻike, pono ke kaha ʻia ma ka helu kila.No ka laʻana, ma 20MnVB kila.ʻO ka Vanadium ka 0.07-0.12% a ʻo ka boron ka 0.001-0.005%.

    ④ Pono e hoʻohui ʻia ka "A" ma ka hope o ka helu kila o ke kila kiʻekiʻe e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia mai ke kila kiʻekiʻe maʻamau.

    ⑤ ʻO ke kila kila kila kūikawā, ke kila helu prefix (a i ʻole ka suffix) ke kumu o ka hōʻailona kila.No ka laʻana, hōʻike ʻia ke kila 30CrMnSi i hoʻohana kūikawā ʻia no ka riveting screws e like me ML30CrMnSi.

    Loaʻa nā pilina a me nā ʻokoʻa o ka Alloy tube a me ka seamless tube, ʻaʻole hiki ke huikau.

    ʻO ka paipu Alloy he paipu kila e like me ka mea hana (ʻo ia hoʻi, mea) e wehewehe, e like me ka inoa i hana ʻia me ka paipu alloy;A paipu seamless mea kila paipu e like me ke kaʻina hana (seamless) e wehewehe, okoa mai seamless paipu ua welded paipu, me ka pololei seam welded paipu a me spiral paipu.

    ʻenehana hana:

    1. ʻO ka'ōwili wela (extrusion seamless steel paipu): puʻupuʻu pōʻai blank → hoʻomehana → perforating → ʻekolu-kiʻekiʻe diagonal rolling, hoʻomau i ka ʻōwili a extrusion → wehe ʻia → sizing (a hōʻemi paha) → hoʻoluʻu → straightening → hydrostatic test (a i ʻole nānā) → kaha → waihona

    2. Piula kila liʻiliʻi i huki ʻia i ke anu (olokaʻi ʻia): puʻupuʻu pōʻaiapuni blank → hoʻomehana → perforation → poʻomanaʻo → annealing → pickling → ʻaila ʻaila (ka uhi keleawe) → kaha kiʻi anuanu (cold rolling) → pahu blank → mālama wela → hoʻoponopono → hōʻike hydrostatic (nānā) → hōʻailona → mālama

  • 30CrMo paipu kila

    30CrMo paipu kila

    Nā kikoʻī hana:

    ʻO ke anawaena o waho o ka paipu kila 20-426

    ʻO ka mānoanoa o ka paia paipu kila o 20-426

    Hoʻolauna huahana:

    ① ʻO nā huahelu ʻelua i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka helu kila e hōʻike ana i ke kalapona maʻiʻo o ke kila, me ka awelika carbon maʻiʻo o kekahi mau tausani, e like me 40Cr, 30CrMo alloy steel pipe

    ② ʻO nā mea hoʻohui nui i loko o ke kila, koe naʻe kekahi mau mea microalloying, i hōʻike maʻamau ʻia e ka hapa pakeneka.Ke emi iho ka awelika o ka mea hao ma lalo o 1.5%, ʻo ka hōʻailona element wale nō ke kaha ʻia ma ka helu kila, ʻaʻole naʻe ka ʻike.Eia naʻe, i nā hihia kūikawā, maʻalahi ka huikau, hiki ke hōʻailona ʻia ka helu "1" ma hope o ka hōʻailona element, e like me ka helu kila "12CrMoV" a me "12Cr1MoV", ʻo ka chromium maʻiʻo o ka mua he 0.4-0.6%, a ʻo ka mea hope he 0.9-1.2%.Ua like nā mea ʻē aʻe.Ke hōʻailona ʻia ka mea hoʻohui i ka mea ≥1.5%, ≥2.5%, ≥3.5%…… “, pono ke kaha ʻia ka hōʻailona element ma hope o ka ʻike, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia he 2, 3, 4…… Etc. No ka laʻana, 18Cr2Ni4WA.

    ③ ʻO nā mea huila e like me ka vanadium V, ka titanium Ti, ka alumini AL, ka boron B a me ka honua laha ʻole RE i ke kila no nā mea microalloying.ʻOiai he haʻahaʻa loa ka ʻike, pono ke kaha ʻia ma ka helu kila.No ka laʻana, ma 20MnVB kila.ʻO ka Vanadium ka 0.07-0.12% a ʻo ka boron ka 0.001-0.005%.

    ④ Pono e hoʻohui ʻia ka "A" ma ka hope o ka helu kila o ke kila kiʻekiʻe e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia mai ke kila kiʻekiʻe maʻamau.

    ⑤ ʻO ke kila kila kila kūikawā, ke kila helu prefix (a i ʻole ka suffix) ke kumu o ka hōʻailona kila.No ka laʻana, hōʻike ʻia ke kila 30CrMnSi i hoʻohana kūikawā ʻia no ka riveting screws e like me ML30CrMnSi.

    ʻenehana hana:

    1. ʻO ka'ōwili wela (extrusion seamless steel paipu): puʻupuʻu pōʻai blank → hoʻomehana → perforating → ʻekolu-kiʻekiʻe diagonal rolling, hoʻomau i ka ʻōwili a extrusion → wehe ʻia → sizing (a hōʻemi paha) → hoʻoluʻu → straightening → hydrostatic test (a i ʻole nānā) → kaha → waihona

    2. Piula kila liʻiliʻi i huki ʻia i ke anu (olokaʻi ʻia): puʻupuʻu pōʻaiapuni blank → hoʻomehana → perforation → poʻomanaʻo → annealing → pickling → ʻaila ʻaila (ka uhi keleawe) → kaha kiʻi anuanu (cold rolling) → pahu blank → mālama wela → hoʻoponopono → hōʻike hydrostatic (nānā) → hōʻailona → mālama

  • 440 pā kila kila 440 wili kila ʻole

    440 pā kila kila 440 wili kila ʻole

    ʻO ka pā kila kila ka ʻili maʻemaʻe, ka plasticity kiʻekiʻe, ka paʻakikī a me ka ikaika mechanical, a kūʻē i ka corrosion o ka waika, alkaline gas, solution a me nā media ʻē aʻe.He ʻano kila kila ʻaʻole maʻalahi i ka ʻōpala, akā ʻaʻole ia he ʻeleʻele loa.ʻO ka pā kila kila e pili ana i ka pā kila e kū nei i ka corrosion o nā media palupalu e like me ka lewa, ka mahu a me ka wai, ʻoiai ka pā hao kūpaʻa e pili ana i ka pā kila e kū nei i ka corrosion o nā media etching kemikal e like me ka waikawa, ka alkali a me ka paʻakai.He moʻolelo ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pā kila kila ma mua o hoʻokahi kenekulia mai kona puka ʻana mai i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20.

  • 410 pā kila kila, 410 wili kila kila

    410 pā kila kila, 410 wili kila kila

    ʻO ka pā kila kila ka ʻili maʻemaʻe, ka plasticity kiʻekiʻe, ka paʻakikī a me ka ikaika mechanical, a kūʻē i ka corrosion o ka waika, alkaline gas, solution a me nā media ʻē aʻe.He ʻano kila kila ʻaʻole maʻalahi i ka ʻōpala, akā ʻaʻole ia he ʻeleʻele loa.ʻO ka pā kila kila e pili ana i ka pā kila e kū nei i ka corrosion o nā media palupalu e like me ka lewa, ka mahu a me ka wai, ʻoiai ka pā hao kūpaʻa e pili ana i ka pā kila e kū nei i ka corrosion o nā media etching kemikal e like me ka waikawa, ka alkali a me ka paʻakai.He moʻolelo ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pā kila kila ma mua o hoʻokahi kenekulia mai kona puka ʻana mai i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20.

  • 316L pā kila kila, 316L wili kila kila

    316L pā kila kila, 316L wili kila kila

    Ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ke kūpaʻa corrosion, a me ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe o 316 stainless steel ma muli o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka mea Mo.Hiki i ka pale wela kiʻekiʻe ke hiki i 1200-1300 degere a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana paʻakikī.

    Hoʻohana: nā mea hana wai kai, kemika, ke kala, ka hana pepa, ka waikawa oxalic, ka mea hoʻomomona a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe;Paʻi kiʻi, ʻoihana meaʻai, nā wahi kai, nā kaula, nā koʻokoʻo CD, nā bolts, nā nati.

  • 304 pā kila kuhiliʻole 304 pā kila kila

    304 pā kila kuhiliʻole 304 pā kila kila

    ʻO ka ʻili o ka pā kila kila, me ka plasticity kiʻekiʻe, ka paʻakikī a me ka ikaika mechanical, acid, alkaline gas, solution and other media corrosion.He kila kila ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻōpala maʻalahi, ʻaʻole naʻe he kuhili.

  • 304L pā kila kila, 304L wili kila kila

    304L pā kila kila, 304L wili kila kila

    ʻO 304L he kila kuhili honua, i hoʻohana nui ʻia e hana i nā mea hana a me nā ʻāpana e koi ana i ka hana piha maikaʻi (ke kūpaʻa ʻana a me ka formability.

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